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[1] Wisconsin Historical Society, “Biography/History,” National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Milwaukee Branch: Records, 1917-1989, accessed March 8, 2014.

[2] Jack Dougherty, More than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 34; “Local NAACP Legend Recalls 7 Decades of Struggle,” The

[1] Brian A. Reaves, “Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices,” US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2015, p. 14.

[2] “Wickersham Report on Police,” National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Report No. 14, The American Journal of Police Science 2, no. 4 (Jul.-Aug. 1931): 337-348.

[3] Forward, “Report on Policing” (unpublished

[1] “A (Brief) History of the Milwaukee Press Club,” Milwaukee Press Club, accessed September 18, 2013, http://www.milwaukeepressclub.org/about/history, information now available at https://milwaukeepressclub.org/about-us/our-history/, last accessed July 31, 2017; Henry E. Legler et al., Milwaukee Press Club Book (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Press Club, 1895).

[2] “Articles of Incorporation,” Box 1, Folder 5, Milwaukee

[1] Alice E. Smith, From Exploration to Statehood: History of Wisconsin (Stevens Point, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society, 2013), 564.

[2] Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 70.

[3] Still, Milwaukee, 81.

[4] John Gurda, “My Library—The Evolution of a Milwaukee Institution,” <

[1] The Milwaukee Journal, February 14, 1963, “City Museum 60 Years Old: Started with One Room,” p. 19, accessed July 22nd, 2015, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19430214&id=J7UWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8CIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1528,4905991&hl=en.

[2] Lurie, A Special Style: The Milwaukee Public Museum, 1882-1982 (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public

[1] Rolland Callaway, The Milwaukee Public Schools: A Chronological History, 1836-1986. Volume I: Formative Years, 1836-1915, ed. Steven Baruch, (Milwaukee: Caritas Communications, 2008), CD format, 41, 213, 239; Kathleen Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 91-92, 180-82; William M. Lamers, Our Roots Go

[1] Entry originally posted May 9, 2019; entry revised August 18, 2021. Milwaukee Repertory Theater, Charity Navigator website, August 1, 2016, accessed December 2, 2017. This entry was posted on May 9, 2019, and revised on October 18, 2019.

[2] Production History, Milwaukee Repertory Theater website, accessed October 27, 2018; “World Premieres Produced by Milwaukee Rep,” Milwaukee Repertory Theater, accessed December 2, 2017.

[3] Louis Weisberg, “TV Star Remembers

[1] “Climate Change—The Long View,” Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey, accessed November 8, 2015.

[2] “Geology Fieldnotes,” National Park Service, accessed November 8, 2015.

[3] Carrie Trousil, “The Milwaukee River,” accessed September 16, 2015.

[4] Trousil, “The Milwaukee River.”

[5] “Potawatomi History,” Milwaukee Public Museum, http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/icw-152.html, last accessed October 20, 2015.

[1] Ellen Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering: The First 100 Years (Milwaukee: MSOE Press, 2003), 4-6.

[2] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 7-12.

[3] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 11-16.

[4] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 43-44.

[5] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 18, 19, 30

[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999). See also “Milwaukee Symphony Obtains Official Recognition as ‘Major,’” The Milwaukee Journal, June 15, 1966, p. 1.

[2] Ann Drinan, “Orchestra Spotlight: Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra,” Polyphonic: The Orchestra Musician’s Forum (blog), February 2007, http://www.polyphonic.org/spotlight.php?

[1] “Milwaukee’s Auditorium Is a Town Hall of Real Democracy,” The Milwaukee Journal, September 10, 1922, accessed December 28, 2013; Tom Strini, “Curtain Going Up,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 6, 2003, accessed January 3, 2014; John Gurda, Cream City Chronicles: Stories of Milwaukee’s Past (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society, 2007), 157.

[2] “Milwaukee Auditorium Headache,”

[1] “A Reminder of the Old Turner Days,” Milwaukee Journal, November 30, 1935.

[2] Smaller Milwaukee chapters included the South Side (1868-1928), North Side (1869-1905), East Side (1869-1889), Vorwärts (1880-1900), Bahnfrei (1885-1938), Humboldt (1890-1896), and Jahn (1895-1914) Turner societies. Anke Ortlepp, Auf denn, ihr Schwestern! Deutschamerikanische Frauenvereine in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1844-1914 (

[1] Michael Ross Grover, “‘All Things to Black Folks’: A History of the Milwaukee Urban League, 1919-1980” (MA thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1994), pp. iii-iv.

[2] Grover, “‘All Things to Black Folks,’” 43; Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat 1915-1945, 2nd edition (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of

[1] Ken Bunch, “New Professional Soccer Team to Be Called Milwaukee Wave,” Milwaukee Sentinel, August 9, 1984.

[2] Milwaukee Wave, “A Legendary History and the Dawning of an Unrivaled Era,” last accessed March 19, 2017.

[3] Andy Olson, “Very Alive and Kicking”, Milwaukee Sentinel, February 2, 1989.

[4] Charles F. Gardner, “End of Road

[1] Grace Norton Kieckhefer, The History of Milwaukee-Downer College, 1851-1951 (Milwaukee: Milwaukee-Downer College, 1950), 3.

[2] Kieckhefer, The History of Milwaukee-Downer College, 8.

[3] Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, History and Memories of Milwaukee-Downer Seminary (Milwaukee: Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, 1964), 6.

[4] Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, History and Memories of

[1] “Milwaukee of Old Knew Many Roads, Few the Same,” Milwaukee Journal, September 19, 1951.

[2] “Great Retail Center—A History of Grand Avenue and Wisconsin Street,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Sunday, March 29, 1896.

[3] “New Depot Plans—The Passenger Station of the Northwestern,” Milwaukee Sentinel, February 25, 1888.

[4] “End of Line

[1] John Gurda, “Summer under Glass: Mitchell Park’s Conservatory Preceded Mitchell Park Domes,” in Cream City Chronicles: Stories of Milwaukee’s Past, ed. John Gurda (Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society Press, 2007), 155.

[2] “History of the Domes,” goMilwaukee, county.milwaukee.gov/ConstructionoftheDom10361.htm, accessed October 13, 2011.

[3] “Friends of the Domes: Mitchell

[1] Erik Gunn, “Choo Choo Crazy,” Milwaukee Magazine, July, 2010, 71.

[2] Anthony P. Carideo, “They’ve Been Working on the Railroad,” Milwaukee Journal, 1975, accessed May 1, 2014, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19751031&id=-gcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DykEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,5731604, accessed June 2015; The station is located underneath the tracks on

[1] Montessori’s early work at the Rome University Psychiatric Clinic led her to the observation that toddlers and young children have an inner drive to learn from their surroundings. She created materials and child-sized furniture (first of its kind), allowing children to follow their natural tendencies. The results were levels of early achievement not

[1] “H-D History,” Harley Davidson website, https://www.harley-davidson.com/content/h-d/en_US/home/museum/explore/hd-history/1910.html, accessed September 10, 2017.

[2] “H-D History,” Harley Davidson website, https://www.harley-davidson.com/content/h-d/en_US/home/museum/explore/hd-history/1910.html, accessed September 10, 2017.

[3] David Schonauer, “The Early, Deadly Days of Motorcycle Racing,”