[1] Interview with Vel Phillips, Milwaukee, March 1, 2003. Also an alumna of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM), after graduating from college in 1946, Phillips was a YMCA field worker and took coursework at a UWM predecessor institution, Milwaukee State Teachers College, prior to going to law school in 1947.
[2] Jessie Opoien, “Civil Rights Leader Vel Phillips
[1] “History,” Milwaukee County War Memorial Center Website, last accessed May 15, 2017.
[2] Milwaukee Journal, May 30, 1959. Lisa Sink, “Descendants, City Honor Revolutionary War Veteran Buried in Brookfield,” Brookfield Patch, May 29, 2012, last accessed May 15, 2017.
[3] Milwaukee Sentinel, September 17, 1934, last accessed May 15, 2017.
[1] Many people use the terms “bridge” and “viaduct” interchangeably. A viaduct is a kind of bridge, usually formed of multiple arches and traversing land, such as the uneven terrain described in this entry. See Viaducts—Viaduct vs. Bridge, History of Bridges website, accessed September 3, 2017.
[2] John Gurda, Milwaukee: City of Neighborhoods (
[1] This entry draws largely on Michael E. Stevens, ed., The Family Letters of Victor and Meta Berger, 1894-1929 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin Press, 1995); Edward J. Muzik, “Victor L. Berger, A Biography” (Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1960); and Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive
[1] Nghia M. Vo, The Vietnamese Boat People, 1954 and 1975-1992 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2005), 664-100.
[2] N. Mark Shelley, “Building Community from ‘Scratch’: Forces at Work among Urban Vietnamese Refugees in Milwaukee,” Sociological Inquiry 71 (Fall 2001): 474.
[3] Nealon Mark Shelley, “The Invisible Vietnamese: Ethnic Community and Assimilation in Milwaukee,” (
[1] 2010 Census, “General Population and Housing Characteristics, Bayside village, Wisconsin,” accessed February 3, 2016; American Community Survey, “American Fact Finder Selected Housing Characteristics, Bayside village, Wisconsin,” accessed February 3, 2016.
[2] Mary J. Scheffel, “Bayside Born to Escape City,” Milwaukee Journal, August 21, 1994, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ykocAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6SwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6432%2C4131144.
[1] The History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, Containing an Account of Its Settlement, Growth, Development and Resources; An Extensive And Minute Sketch of Its Cities, Towns and Village—Their Improvements, Industries, Manufactories, Churches, Schools and Societies; Its War Record, Biographical Sketches, Portraits of Prominent Men and Early Settlers; The Whole Preceded by a History
[1] “Community Profile: Village of Brown Deer,” Village of Brown Deer website, last accessed November 6, 2018; Village of Brown Deer: Comprehensive Plan 2030, Village of Brown Deer website ([Brown Deer, WI]: Village of Brown Deer, 2009), 6, last accessed November 6, 2018.
[2] Dorothy E. Kittleson, ed., Brown Deer’s Heritage Almanac 1972 (Brown Deer, WI: Brown
[1] “Butler’s Proud Train Town History Takes the Prize,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, June 22, 2012; Railway Age Gazette: Fifty-Third Quarto Volume, From July 1, 1912, to December 31, 1912 (New York, NY: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company, 1912), 604.
[2] John McCarthy, Making Milwaukee Mightier: Planning and the Politics of Growth, 1910-1960 (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University
[1] American Fact Finder,” Chenequa Population 2010 Demographic Profile Summary File,” accessed February 3, 2012.
[2] William F. Stark, Pine Lake (Sheboygan: Zimmerman Press, 1995), 9.
[3] Wisconsin Historical Society, “Territorial and State Roads,” accessed February 3, 2012, http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/archstories/early_roads/territorial_roads.asp.
[1] The History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin (Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company, 1880), 1004.
[2] Chelsey Lewis, “Quiet Trip down Bark River Is a Peaceful Respite from City Life, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 30, 2013, accessed June 15, 2014, http://www.wisconsintrails.com/outdoors/quiet-canoe-ride-down-bark-river-is-a-peaceful-respite-from-city-life-b9984835z1-221829071.html, now available at
[1] United States Census Bureau, “Elm Grove village, Wisconsin,” https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/ community_facts.xhtml, last accessed July 10, 2017; “Village Committees, Commissions and Boards,” Village of Elm Grove, Wisconsin website, last accessed July 10, 2017.
[2] “Elmbrook Schools,” School District of Elmbrook website, last accessed July 10, 2017.
[1] “Government,” Village of Fox Point website, last accessed July 1, 2017.
[2] Bicentennial Committee, Fox Point, A Planned Village: It’s [sic] Heritage and Development, 1843-1976 (Fox Point, WI: The Bicentennial Committee and Village Board, 1978), 7-10.
[3] Bicentennial Committee, Fox Point, A Planned Village 19, 24, 36; Gary Zinke, “
[1] Dorothy Hughlett, Hartland: A Chronicle, 1838-1976 (Hartland Wis.: Hartland History Group, 1976), 3.
[2] Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, A Master Plan for the Village of Hartland, 2020, Waukesha County, Wisconsin (Waukesha, Wis.: Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, 2004), 3.
[1] Waukesha County Department of Parks and Land Use, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Waukesha County Municipalities, A Comprehensive Plan for Waukesha County (Waukesha, WI: Waukesha County Department of Parks and Land Use, 2009.
[2] Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Technical Report No. 11 (5th ed.) The Population of Southeastern Wisconsin (Waukesha, WI: Southeastern
[1] Michael R. Reilly, “Lannon History—After Incorporation 1930-1959,” Sussex-Lisbon Area Historical Society, Inc., accessed April 10 2012.
[2] American Fact Finder, “Lannon Village Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010,” accessed April 10 2012, http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table.
[1] Michael R. Reilly, Town of Lisbon History, Sussex-Lisbon Area Historical Society Inc. website, accessed October 25, 2013; Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, The Population of Southeastern Wisconsin (Waukesha, WI: Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission), 2013. This entry was originally posted on December 17, 2018 and updated on October 10, 2023.
[2] Fred Keller, “The Incorporation of the Village
[1] Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, The Population of Southeastern Wisconsin, Technical Report No. 11, 5th ed. (Waukesha, WI: Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, 2013), 87; The History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, Containing an Account of Its Settlement, Growth, Development And Resources; An Extensive And Minute Sketch of Its Cities, Towns and Village—Their Improvements,