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[1] “9 to 5, National Association of Working Women (U.S.). Milwaukee Chapter. Records of the Milwaukee Chapter of 9 to 5, National Association of Working Women, 1973-2005: A Finding Aid,” Harvard University Library, 2010, accessed October 30, 2017, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=sch01314, now available at https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/8141,

[1] Nancy Moore Gettelman, The A. Gettelman Brewing Company: One Hundred and Seven Years of a Family Brewery in Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Procrustes Press, 1995), 1, 3.

[2] Ibid., 1; Jerry Apps, Breweries of Wisconsin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 206.

[3] Gettelman, Gettelman, 1-2; Apps, Breweries of Wisconsin, 206.

[4]

[1] “Welcome to A.O. Smith,” A. O. Smith website, accessed January 13, 2016. This entry was posted on September 28, 2017 and revised on November 4, 2019.

[2] Gustave Pabst, Jr., “The Smith Family: For Generations They Have Been Master Mechanics,” Milwaukee Journal, July 27, 1941, p. 7. Charles originally started out building and repairing machinery but decided quickly that

[1] Trudier Harris, Exorcising Blackness: Historical Lynching and Burning Rituals (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1984).

[2] James Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992).

[3] Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black

[1] Thomas R. Buchanan, “Black Milwaukee, 1870-1915” (master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1974); See also Jack Dougherty, “African Americans, Civil Rights, and Race Making in Milwaukee,” in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene, eds. Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 134.

[2] Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee:

[1] Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915-45, 2nd ed. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 31.

[2] Henry P. Jones, St. Mark’s African Methodist Episcopal Church Milwaukee, Wisconsin: A Brief Historical Outline for a Period of Thirty Eight Years 1869-1907 ([Milwaukee]: German G.

[1] “Festival to Focus on Black Culture,” The Milwaukee Sentinel, June 27, 1983, 6. According to Kathlyn Gay in African-American Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations, African World Festival particularly highlighted the history of western Africa and the sixteenth century Benin Empire of modern day Nigeria. Kathlyn Gay, African-American Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations (Detroit,

[1] Genevieve G. McBride, “The Progress of ‘Race Men’ and ‘Colored Women’ in the Black Press in Wisconsin, 1892-1985,” in The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 325-48; Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915-1945, 2nd ed. (Urbana, IL: University

[1] John Gurda, “Eat, Drink, and Be Prosperous: A Short History of the Food and Beverage Industry in the Milwaukee Region—The Seven Counties of Southeastern Wisconsin,” report commissioned by the Milwaukee 7, December 7, 2010, 2,http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.fabmilwaukee.com/resource/resmgr/docs/john_gurda_f&b_history_2010.pdf, now available at http://

[1] “Fifty Falls: Still Alive,” Milwaukee Journal, September 11, 1906, accessed April 11, 2015, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19060911&printsec=frontpage&hl=en.

[2] “Aeroplane Falls upon Fair Crowd,” Milwaukee Journal, September 17, 1910, accessed April 11, 2015, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19100917&printsec=frontpage&

[1] CNN Wire Service, “Al Jarreau, Famed Jazz Singer and Milwaukee Native, Dead at 76,” Fox6Now February 12, 2017, last accessed November 13, 2017.

[2] Monee Fields-White, “Al Jarreau, a Unique Musical Stylist, Dead at 76,” The Root February 12, 2017, last accessed November 13, 2017.

[3] Honorary Degree Recipients, Berklee website, last accessed November 13, 2017; Verizon’s National

[1] Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography (Madison, WI: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1960), 256-257.

[2] Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: History of a City (Madison, WI: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 58-59; Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography, 256-257.

[3] Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, vol.

[1] “Allan H. (Bud) Selig,” MLB Executives, MLB Official Info, MLB.com, last accessed August 15, 2017.

[2] “Allan H. (Bud) Selig.”

[3] “Allan H. ‘Bud’ Selig, Ninth Commissioner of Baseball,” MLB.com, last accessed August 15, 2017.

[4] “Allan H. ‘Bud’ Selig, Ninth Commissioner of Baseball.”

[5] David Waldstein, “Bud Selig, an Apostle for

[1] Harry H. Anderson and Frederick I. Olson, Milwaukee: At the Gathering of Waters (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1981), 179.

[2] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 240.

[3] Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee, 240.

[4] Meg Jones, World War II Milwaukee (

[1] “Lighted 40 Foot Clock on Tower a Landmark for Lake Skippers,” Milwaukee Journal, June 8, 1963, accessed March 16, 2015, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19630608&id=yR0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HicEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4164,3924544&hl=en.

[2] “Lighted 40 Foot Clock on Tower a Landmark for Lake Skippers,” Milwaukee Journal, June 8, 1963,

[1] Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin (Madison, W.T.: Simeon Mills, Territorial Printer, 1846), 126.

[2] For example, see: This Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan, as Laid out by the Commissioners Appointed by the Legislature, April 3d 1807 (New York: Bridges, William & Maverick, Peter, 1811).

[1] Stephen Meyer, “Stalin over Wisconsin”: The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 18, 230. This entry was initially posted on September 29, 2017; a corrected version was posted on July 15, 2019.

[2] Walter F. Peterson, An Industrial Heritage: Allis-Chalmers Corporation (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County

[1] Elizabeth Barnaby Keeney, Susan Eyrich Lederer, and Edmond P. Minihan, “Sectarians and Scientists: Alternatives to Orthodox Medicine,” in Wisconsin Medicine: Historical Perspectives, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 47.

[2] Kenney, Lederer, and Minihan, “Sectarians and Scientists,” 48.

[3] Kenney, Lederer, and Minihan, “Sectarians and

[1] George Kuh, Jillian Kinzie, John Schuh, Elizabeth Whitt, and Associates, Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2005), 29-30; Alexander Astin, Are You Smart Enough? How Colleges’ Obsession with Smartness Shortchanges Students (Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC, 2016), 77.

[2] “From an Acorn to Oak Tree,”

[1] Simon Worrall, “The History of Cricket in the United States,” Smithsonian Magazine (October 2006), accessed October 2, 2014.

[2] “Cricket Match,” Milwaukee Sentinel, May 14, 1852, p. 2; “Cricket,” Milwaukee Sentinel, May 19, 1852, p. 2; “Cricket,” Milwaukee Sentinel, May 22, 1852, p. 2.

[3] Dennis Pajot, The Rise of Milwaukee Baseball (Jefferson, NC: