[1] Johan Galtung, Sixty Speeches on War and Peace (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute, 1988). See also Jacqueline Haessly, “Defining Peace as Absence” and “Defining Peace as Presence” in Weaving a Culture of Peace (Milwaukee: Peace Talk Publications, 2001), which offers a comprehensive review of existing literature on these two definitions of peace.
[1] See “Peace Education Theory,” accessed June 1, 2017, for an examination about theories and practices related to peace education. For a selective history of Peace Education and Peace Studies in Wisconsin, see Ian Harris, Dick Ringler, Kent Shifferd, and William Skelton, “History of the Wisconsin Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies,” Journal for the Study
[1] Grant Wacker, “Pentecostalism,” in Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience: Studies of Traditions and Movement, ed. Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988), 938.
[2] Wacker, “Pentecostalism,” 933-934, 938.
[3] Grant A. Wacker, “Travail of a Broken Family: Radical Evangelical Responses to the Emergence of
[1] Robert Nesbit, revised and updated by William F. Thompson, Wisconsin: A History, 2nd ed. (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 118-132, particularly 124.
[2] Nesbit, Wisconsin, 80, 92.
[3] Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, The Population of Southeastern Wisconsin, Technical Report No. 11, 5th ed. (Waukesha, WI: SWRPC, 2013), 7. Unless otherwise
[1] Jonathan West, Milwaukee’s Live Theater (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 7. This entry was posted on October 3, 2018 and revised on October 24, 2019.
[2] Peter C. Merrill, German-American Urban Culture: Writers and Theaters in Early Milwaukee (Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2000), 35.
[1] Amy Silvers, Katherine M. Skiba, and Tom Held, “Lloyd Pettit 1927-2003.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 12, 2003; “History,” About Us, Pettit National Ice Center, last accessed June 8, 2016.
[2] “History,” About Us, Pettit National Ice Center, last accessed June 8, 2016.
[3] Silvers, Skiba, and Held, “Lloyd Pettit 1927-2003.”
[1] Anthony M. Orum, City-Building in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 52.
[2] John G. Gregory, History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, vol. 1 (Chicago and Milwaukee: S.J. Clarke Publishing, 1931), 536; Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 187-188; John Gurda, The Making of
[1] “Wisconsin Ave. Viaduct to Open Saturday,” The Milwaukee Journal, November 9, 1993, p. B5, accessed June 6th, 2016, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19931109&id=jKIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wywEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3293,71016&hl=en).
[2] John Gurda, “A Valley of Too Many Floods—And Too Many Gs,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
[1] Lynda H. Schneekloth and Robert G. Shibley have traced the origins of the term placemaking to the phenomenological writings of Christian Norberg Schultz as well as to work by geographers such as Yi-Fu Tuan. These scholars refer to the human experience of place as discussed by philosopher Martin Heidegger but concentrate on
[1] Donald E. Pienkos, “The Polish Americans in Milwaukee Politics,” in Ethnic Politics in Urban America, ed. Angela T. Pienkos (Chicago, IL: Polish American Historical Association, 1978), 67.
[2] Donald Pienkos, “Politics, Religion, and Change in Polish Milwaukee, 1900-1930,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 61 (Spring 1978), 179-180.
[1] Donald E. Pienkos, “Old and New: Celebrating Wisconsin’s Polish Legacy,” The World and I (June 1999): 200-207.
[2] “History,” Polish Center of Wisconsin, accessed June 12, 2015.
[3] The June 15, 2011 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel provides a typical description of the programming at Polish Fest. See See Kathy Flanigan, “Polish Fest to
[1] Judith Kenny, “Polish Routes to Americanization: House Form and Landscape on Milwaukee’s Polish South Side,” in Wisconsin Land and Life , eds. Robert Clifford Ostergren and Thomas R. Vale (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), pp. 263-281.
[2] Great Britain, Board of Trade, Cost of Living in American Towns (
[1] Waclaw Kruszka, A History of the Poles in America to 1908, vol. I (Washington: D.C.: The Catholic University Press of America, 1993), 280.
[2] Kruszka, A History of the Poles in America to 1908, 282, 290, 296-298; James S. Pula, ed.,The Polish American Encyclopedia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011), s.v. “Michael Kruszka,” 249.
[1] For a more thorough discussion of the material in this chapter, see John Buenker, “Cream City Electoral Politics: A Play in Four Acts,” in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene, eds., Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009). For a more complete exposition of its documentation, see the “Notes”
[1] Milwaukee River Revitalization Council, An Historical Overview of the Milwaukee River Basin (Milwaukee: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1989), 5. This entry was originally posted on April 23, 2019 and was updated on September 15, 2021.
[2] Milwaukee Health Department, Annual Report of the Commission of Health of Milwaukee for the Year of 1879, 244.
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 170.
[2] John Gurda, Cream City Chronicles (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2007), 241-245.
[3] Mike Corenthal, ed., The Illustrated History of Wisconsin Music: 1840-1990: 150 Years of Melodies and Memories (Milwaukee: Yesterday’s Memories, 1991), 406-407.
[1] Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 44-45; Leah Dobkin, Soul of a Port (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2010), loc. 272, 294 of 1950, Kindle; Milwaukee River Technical Study Committee (MRTSC), The Milwaukee River (Milwaukee: City of Milwaukee, 1968), 23-24; Wisconsin Marine Historical Society, <
[1] Patty Loew, “Urban Indians,” in Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal, 2nd ed. (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2013), 170.
[2] Tara Browner, Heartbeat of the People: Music and Dance of the Northern Pow-wow (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002): 27.
[1] Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, “Metro-Area Membership Report: Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI, Metropolitan Statistical Area,” (Association of Religion Data Archives, 2010), accessed February 13, 2017.
[2] For additional members, see Manual of the First Presbyterian Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee: Starrs’ Book and Job Office, 1854); John Gurda, Keeping Faith in the City: