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Peace

Author: Jacqueline Haessly

Grayscale high-angle shot of a massive anti-war crowd gathering in an outdoor space at UWM. Two people sit on the right near the camera lens. Several trees appear among the crowd. Buildings are visible in the far background.

Peace. A word considered by both religious and secular society as an ideal condition for human well-being. Too often, the concept of peace itself is linked to war or stopping war, with less focus on how societies achieve well-being. Peace scholars define peace as an absence: of war and physical or institutional violence. People who… Read More

Peace Education

Author: Jacqueline Haessly

Grayscale photograph of a protest sign on the exterior wall of UWM's Kimberly Hall. The sign is titled "Education Faculty Telegram to Nixon-5-8-70." The text beneath the title announces the support for the student strike at UWM. The bottom part mentions the group that created the message. It reads "Students & Faculty-School of Ed.-UWM."

Peace education provides the opportunity to examine values and attitudes, acquire knowledge, and develop skills useful for understanding wars and violence and promoting a culture of peace and global understanding. Anti-war education shaped the Civil War era, and continues today: people protested against slavery and war during the Civil War; German settlers pled for neutrality… Read More

Pentecostals

Author: Jenna Jacobs

Grayscale photograph of the streetcorner entrance to the New Fellowship Church of God in Christ. The wooden frame one-story building has a hanging sign that reads "Church God Christ, Welcome to All." A small group of people gathers around the front stairs. Some sit on the steps, some lean on two concrete blocks that flank the stairs. One in a hat, shirt, long pants, and suspender belts stands on the sidewalk in the foreground facing the church. Another group of people in dresses appears on the sidewalk on the left back, next to tall trees and other buildings in the neighborhood. On the farthest left background is a parked car.

In 1906, the Azusa revival began within the holiness community of Los Angeles. Although this nearly three-year revival was not the first modern Pentecostal gathering, it was an important moment for the expansion of the movement. Known for its charismatic services, faith healings, and practice of speaking in tongues, the Pentecostal movement spread rapidly across… Read More

Peoples

Author: Margo Anderson

People have inhabited the geographic area that is the scope of this encyclopedia, what we now call the Milwaukee Metropolitan Area, for many millennia. Burial mounds, once quite common, but now mostly covered or leveled by later inhabitants, provide archaeological testimony to the thousands of years of human life in the area. The mound builders… Read More

Performance Venues

Author: Lisa Lamson

Sepia-colored long shot of Alhambra Theater on a street corner at the image's center. The building's corner on the ground floor features display windows of the Empress Hat Shops. Next to this is the Majestic Neckwear shop windows. The theater's entrance is on the right side. The marquee says, "Now Garden, Chester Morris, Frankie & Johnnie." Atop the marquee is a giant vertical sign that reads "Alhambra," attached to the multiple-story building's exterior walls. Adjacent buildings on the left and right sides are visible. Some people stand on the sidewalks. Text at the image's bottom reads "Alhambra Theater Building, W. Wisconsin Av."

Milwaukee has entertainment venues for everything from theater to live music. Their diversity creates an interesting architectural landscape. The German brewing industrialists established the first performance spaces in Milwaukee and would eventually help Milwaukee become “an important musical center for the Midwest” during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Stadt Theater, built in… Read More

Pettit National Ice Center

Author: Diana Belscamper

The Pettit National Ice Center hosts international speed skating competitions, offers HOCKEY and ICE SKATING lessons and leagues for children and adults, and is an official United States training site for Olympic speed skating. Since the Ice Center’s opening in 1992, all U.S. speed skaters who have participated in the Winter Olympics have competed or… Read More

Pfister & Vogel Leather Company

Author: Joseph B. Walzer

Long shot of a portion of the Pfister & Vogel Tanning Company facade facing slightly to the left on Water Street. Brick walls compose this five-story building. It has repeating rectangular windows almost on its entire exterior walls. The company sign is installed in the top front, beneath several windows on the fifth story. A big water tank sits atop the flat roof on the left side. Below this is a two-story round arch framing an entrance. A lower structure appears adjacent to the entrance. The blue sky is above. A two-way street with green space is visible in the left foreground.

Tanning magnates Guido Pfister and Frederick Vogel, Sr. migrated separately to the United States from the German Kingdom of Württemberg in the mid-1840s. Both worked briefly at the tannery of Vogel’s cousin in Buffalo, New York, before moving to Milwaukee in 1847. In Milwaukee, Pfister opened a leather retail store on Market Street Square and… Read More

Philanthropy

Author: Margaret Nettesheim Hoffmann

Sepia-colored long shot of Layton Art Gallery interior showcases framed paintings hanging on the walls. One of the room's corners appears on the right. Stanchion posts run from left to right to protect the works of art. Someone in formal attire stands at the image center with their right hand holding on to the stanchion. Two gallery benches sit on the floor—one in the center foreground, one in the far right. The room's ceiling is visible. Text at the bottom of the photo reads "Interior View in Layton Art Gallery."

Historian Robert Bremner declares in his seminal work on the history of American philanthropy that, “Americans have regarded themselves as an unusually philanthropic people.” The history of philanthropic giving in the city of Milwaukee mirrors Bremner’s characterization of American society, but the story in Milwaukee is an often-underemphasized element in the city’s development as an… Read More

Piggsville

Author: James K. Nelsen

Piggsville is a neighborhood in the city of Milwaukee. Its borders are Wisconsin Avenue to the north, Interstate-94 to the south, 39th Street to the east, and 44th Street and Miller Parkway to the west. The northwest section of Piggsville was under the Wisconsin Avenue viaduct, which was torn down and replaced in 1993. Pigssville… Read More

Placemaking

Author: Arijit Sen

Long shot of an abandoned two-story building sitting on a street corner against a cloudy sky. The image shows two sides of the building. A mural showcases some figures and a rainbow with blue background is painted all over the exterior wall of the left side. The blue color washes the ground floor's wall on the building's right side. The first floor has several boarded-up arched windows and a white door on the right corner. On top of them is inscribed "Milwaukee Inner City Arts Council" in black paint. The wall's cream bricks and four arched windows appear on the second floor. A circle inscribed in the brick on the second story reads "1876." A covered bus stop is installed in front. Another two-story place stands next to the building. The street in the foreground is empty. A traffic light is in the right foreground.

The term placemaking can be confusing because different stakeholders understand it in various ways. Sometimes people refer to placemaking’s economic development functions; at other times, the emphasis is on cultivating city residents’ creativity. According to urban planner Mark Wyckoff, placemaking is simply a “process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play… Read More

Poles

Author: Donald Pienkos

Grayscale elevated shot showing dozens of people sitting in rows of long dining tables in a large hall. They pose in formal attire and make eye contact with the camera lens. Women in identical dresses sit in a row in the right background. A group of people sit on the stage in the left background. Strands of ribbons ornament the ceiling and ceiling lights. Small flags appear here and there in the background.

People of Polish immigrant origins and ancestry have made up the second largest European origin and ancestry grouping in Milwaukee since the 1880s, after the far greater population of German immigrants and their descendants. Millions of Poles wound up emigrating from every region of their country from the 1850s onward in quest of work opportunities… Read More

Polish Fest

Author: Donald Pienkos

Medium full shot of two children dancing in colorful attire. The one on the left faces right with left hand on his waist and right-hand raised. He wears a white long-sleeve shirt, a long blue vest, a white belt, and a black hat. The girl at the image's center holds out her purple skirt. Her body faces the camera while her face looks slightly to the left. She wears a white long-sleeve shirt, a red necklace, and a vest embellished with beading and flower-shaped embroidery. Two other dancers are blurred in the background.

Milwaukee’s first Polish Fest was a four-day event held in 1982 over Labor Day weekend on the city’s Summerfest grounds. Organized on a shoestring by Conrad Kaminski and Adrian Choinski but with the enthusiastic involvement of hundreds of volunteers, it and the 1983 Polish Fest that followed were enormous successes, attracting nearly 50,000 patrons each… Read More

Polish Flat

Authors: Judith Kenny and Thomas C. Hubka

Grayscale photograph of the Joseph Knapinski house facade by a sidewalk. The structure faces slightly to the left. Its semi-basement and the upstairs flat are visible. The flat has two rectangular windows on the left, an entrance on the right, a gable window, and a gable roof. A stair connects the door to the ground. Shrubberies hide parts of the basement's exterior wall. The house's right side is visible. A wood fence separates the dwelling from the sidewalk. Two people stand on the gate opening, leaning on the fence as they pose for this photograph. A tall tree grows behind the neighbor's house on the left. It provides shade for the house.

Known as a “raised cottage” in Chicago and other Midwestern cities, in Milwaukee the same house form became associated with Polish neighborhoods and was tagged with the name Polish Flat. “Raised cottage” offers an apt description of the process that produced these houses. A 1911 Milwaukee housing study reported that in the late nineteenth century,… Read More

Polish-Language Media

Author: Donald Pienkos

Sepia-colored long shot of the interior of Kuryer Polski's editorial office. Sun shines through two big windows on the left. Several desks are situated next to the windows. A man in a long-sleeved shirt sits at one of the desks. His back is visible. Several posters, an American flag, a painting, and a big map are on the wall on the right. A man working on a typewriter faces the wall. Another employee sits on a desk that faces the camera lens. The front of his body is visible. A display rack full of documents stands on the farthest right. The ceiling light is on.

By the mid-1880s, Milwaukee’s mushrooming Polish language speaking immigrant population was estimated at 30,000 in a city of 200,000. Recognizing the possibilities of a newspaper for its members, the twenty-five year old Michael Kruszka, along with several aspiring, headstrong, and radical colleagues, founded a series of publications. The first in 1885 was a tiny publication,… Read More

Politics

Author: John D. Buenker

A sepia-colored photograph of numerous political posters that cover the bottom part of a building's brick wall. Some posters show the candidate's photo. Some are pasted on top of the opponent's posters. The street that stretches next to the building is visible. A wooden post stands in the image's foreground.

Over the course of its political history, Milwaukee has experienced four distinct “party systems,” lasting approximately forty years apiece. During each system, two or more opposing parties have competed, with core constituencies based upon personal identity, ideology, and reactions to state, national, and international developments. Each period began and ended with a “realigning election,” differentiating… Read More

Pollution

Author: Matthew J. Prigge

An elevated view of tanneries sitting near the bank of the Milwaukee River in sepia. Billowing steam appear from the tanneries' roof. The water body spans the foreground. Several tall chimneys stand among the buildings.

Pollution—of the water, air, and land—is an unfortunate but constant feature of Milwaukee’s history. Much of the city’s pollution has been the result of commerce and industry. However, the growth in Milwaukee’s population also contributed to the problem, particularly in terms of contamination from sewage and wastewater. While the worst of Milwaukee’s pollution problems seem… Read More

Popular Music

Author: Peter Roller

Group photo of George Bach Jr.'s Band and Orchestra in sepia. Dozens of the members pose on the staircase and the front of a building. Only the first row is seated while posing with a drum and various brass instruments. The group's name is inscribed on the bass drum shield. Some people at the back stand at the building's entrance. Some smile from inside a window on the left foreground.

Milwaukee has been a vibrant, distinctive center for popular music since the earliest years of the twentieth century. Styles widely popular with performers, listeners and dancers in Milwaukee changed with different eras, but live music remained essential to local cultural life—deriving from the gemütlichkeit principle of well-being through balanced work and recreation instilled by the… Read More

Port Milwaukee

Author: Thomas J. Jablonsky

Bird's eye view of a portion of Milwaukee that borders Lake Michigan. The blue-colored water body spans the image's right. Jones Island stretches from the image's center to the foreground. Port Milwaukee appears on the left and right sides of the island. The left side is the inner harbor; the other is the outer. Several boats are docked around both sides. Next to the inner harbor, closer to the background, is the sewage treatment plant. It has a tall chimney billowing white smoke. A residential area is in the left foreground. Interstate 794 highway runs from the land in the background towards the island's right side through the Hoan Bridge. Part of the road on Jones Island is under construction. Downtown Milwaukee's landscape is in the far background.

By its very name, Milwaukee references a location intimately tied to the three waterways that course their way through inland expanses before emptying into Lake Michigan. During the Native American era as well as in the early American settlement days, the Milwaukee River, subsequent to its confluence with the Menomonee, angled southward, separated from Lake… Read More

Powwows

Author: Aaron Kinskey

Long shot of two people in colorful cultural clothing dancing outside during a powwow in broad daylight. Beads, feathers, and ribbons embellish their clothes. The dancers' front bodies are visible. The face of person on the left is looking straight ahead. The other person lowers their head with one leg floating in a dance motion. Crowds stand in the background.

The powwow has a prominent role in Milwaukee’s cultural life through the Indian Summer Festival, founded in 1986. The contest powwows in the Indian Summer Festival take place over three days and bring in hundreds of Native Americans each year from across the country, as well as many non-native spectators. The term powwow likely comes… Read More

Presbyterians

Author: Jenna Jacobs

Grayscale photograph of the interior of Immanuel Presbyterian Church displaying its nave with an altar in the center background. A pointed-arched structure embellished the altar. Rows of pews appear on the left and right flanking a central aisle towards the altar. Four glowing ceiling lights hang above the pews. Two are on the left and two on the right. The ceiling is elaborate. An arched structure ornaments its center part. Slanted ceilings appear on the left and right sides.

Although Presbyterian churches counted only a little more than 8,000 members in the Milwaukee area as of 2010, Presbyterians have played a significant role in shaping the city. A Presbyterian congregation was among the earliest founded in Milwaukee, and famous early Milwaukee Presbyterians included meatpacking magnate John Plankinton, Mayor William Pitt Lynde, and mapmaker Silas… Read More

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